Python学习笔记｜爬虫基础（一）requests库、用户代理、请求参数字典
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Python爬虫 编程学习

Python学习笔记｜爬虫基础（一）requests库、用户代理、请求参数字典

Bruce
Bruce
2024-01-13 / 2 评论 / 25 阅读 / 正在检测是否收录...
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AI摘要：本文介绍了Python爬虫中的基础知识，包括请求头、requests库的基础用法、保存图片和网页、响应对象的其他属性、构造User-Agent和发送带参数的请求。其中，构造User-Agent可以让服务器认为是浏览器在发送请求，而不是爬虫程序在发送请求。另外，可以使用params参数携带参数字典来发送带参数的请求。

一、基础知识

（一）请求头

  1. 请求方式：get和post
  2. User-Agent：模拟正常用户
  3. cookie：登录保持
  4. referer：当前请求的请求来源

注意：elements是渲染后的内容，要根据响应内容判断是否可以抓取到数据

（二）requests库基础用法

打印响应内容

# 1.导入requests库
import requests

# 2.确定目标url
url = 'https://www.baidu.com/'

# 3.发送请求
response = requests.get(url)

# 4.打印响应内容
print(response.content.decode())
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=https://ss1.bdstatic.com/5eN1bjq8AAUYm2zgoY3K/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css><title>百度一下，你就知道</title></head> <body link=#0000cc> <div id=wrapper> <div id=head> <div class=head_wrapper> <div class=s_form> <div class=s_form_wrapper> <div id=lg> <img hidefocus=true src=//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png width=270 height=129> </div> <form id=form name=f action=//www.baidu.com/s class=fm> <input type=hidden name=bdorz_come value=1> <input type=hidden name=ie value=utf-8> <input type=hidden name=f value=8> <input type=hidden name=rsv_bp value=1> <input type=hidden name=rsv_idx value=1> <input type=hidden name=tn value=baidu><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id=kw name=wd class=s_ipt value maxlength=255 autocomplete=off autofocus=autofocus></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type=submit id=su value=百度一下 class="bg s_btn" autofocus></span> </form> </div> </div> <div id=u1> <a href=http://news.baidu.com name=tj_trnews class=mnav>新闻</a> <a href=https://www.hao123.com name=tj_trhao123 class=mnav>hao123</a> <a href=http://map.baidu.com name=tj_trmap class=mnav>地图</a> <a href=http://v.baidu.com name=tj_trvideo class=mnav>视频</a> <a href=http://tieba.baidu.com name=tj_trtieba class=mnav>贴吧</a> <noscript> <a href=http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&amp;tpl=mn&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2f%3fbdorz_come%3d1 name=tj_login class=lb>登录</a> </noscript> <script>document.write('<a href="http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u='+ encodeURIComponent(window.location.href+ (window.location.search === "" ? "?" : "&")+ "bdorz_come=1")+ '" name="tj_login" class="lb">登录</a>');
                </script> <a href=//www.baidu.com/more/ name=tj_briicon class=bri style="display: block;">更多产品</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id=ftCon> <div id=ftConw> <p id=lh> <a href=http://home.baidu.com>关于百度</a> <a href=http://ir.baidu.com>About Baidu</a> </p> <p id=cp>&copy;2017&nbsp;Baidu&nbsp;<a href=http://www.baidu.com/duty/>使用百度前必读</a>&nbsp; <a href=http://jianyi.baidu.com/ class=cp-feedback>意见反馈</a>&nbsp;京ICP证030173号&nbsp; <img src=//www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>

​

使用requests库保存图片

import requests

# 1.确定url
url = 'https://gimg2.baidu.com/image_search/src=http%3A%2F%2Fsafe-img.xhscdn.com%2Fbw1%2F4a7c0f6e-4daa-4b2d-8a5a-f0dbfeade0b3%3FimageView2%2F2%2Fw%2F1080%2Fformat%2Fjpg&refer=http%3A%2F%2Fsafe-img.xhscdn.com&app=2002&size=f9999,10000&q=a80&n=0&g=0n&fmt=auto?sec=1707667150&t=8a184fea26aee48cfe10656d16805136'

# 2.发送请求，获取响应
res = requests.get(url)

# 3.保存响应
# print(res.content) 获取图片的二进制代码
with open('panda_2.jpg','wb') as f:
    f.write(res.content)

使用requests库保存网页

import requests

url = 'https://www.baidu.com/'

res = requests.get(url)

with open('baidu.html','w',encoding = 'utf-8') as f:
    f.write(response.content.decode())

（三）响应对象的其他属性

response.text和response.content的区别：

text：str类型

content：bytes类型，可以通过decode()进行解码

将text的编码设置为utf-8

# 1.导入requests库
import requests

# 2.确定目标url
url = 'https://www.baidu.com/'

# 3.发送请求
response = requests.get(url)

# 4.指定编码格式
response.encoding = 'utf-8'

# 5.打印响应内容
print(response.text)

# print(response.content.decode())中默认编码格式为“utf-8”
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=https://ss1.bdstatic.com/5eN1bjq8AAUYm2zgoY3K/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css><title>百度一下，你就知道</title></head> <body link=#0000cc> <div id=wrapper> <div id=head> <div class=head_wrapper> <div class=s_form> <div class=s_form_wrapper> <div id=lg> <img hidefocus=true src=//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png width=270 height=129> </div> <form id=form name=f action=//www.baidu.com/s class=fm> <input type=hidden name=bdorz_come value=1> <input type=hidden name=ie value=utf-8> <input type=hidden name=f value=8> <input type=hidden name=rsv_bp value=1> <input type=hidden name=rsv_idx value=1> <input type=hidden name=tn value=baidu><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id=kw name=wd class=s_ipt value maxlength=255 autocomplete=off autofocus=autofocus></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type=submit id=su value=百度一下 class="bg s_btn" autofocus></span> </form> </div> </div> <div id=u1> <a href=http://news.baidu.com name=tj_trnews class=mnav>新闻</a> <a href=https://www.hao123.com name=tj_trhao123 class=mnav>hao123</a> <a href=http://map.baidu.com name=tj_trmap class=mnav>地图</a> <a href=http://v.baidu.com name=tj_trvideo class=mnav>视频</a> <a href=http://tieba.baidu.com name=tj_trtieba class=mnav>贴吧</a> <noscript> <a href=http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&amp;tpl=mn&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2f%3fbdorz_come%3d1 name=tj_login class=lb>登录</a> </noscript> <script>document.write('<a href="http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u='+ encodeURIComponent(window.location.href+ (window.location.search === "" ? "?" : "&")+ "bdorz_come=1")+ '" name="tj_login" class="lb">登录</a>');
                </script> <a href=//www.baidu.com/more/ name=tj_briicon class=bri style="display: block;">更多产品</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id=ftCon> <div id=ftConw> <p id=lh> <a href=http://home.baidu.com>关于百度</a> <a href=http://ir.baidu.com>About Baidu</a> </p> <p id=cp>&copy;2017&nbsp;Baidu&nbsp;<a href=http://www.baidu.com/duty/>使用百度前必读</a>&nbsp; <a href=http://jianyi.baidu.com/ class=cp-feedback>意见反馈</a>&nbsp;京ICP证030173号&nbsp; <img src=//www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>

​

response.url：响应的url

response.status_code：响应的状态码

response.request.headers：响应对应的请求头

response.request.cookies：响应对应的cookie；返回cookieJar类型

response.cookies：响应的cookie（经过了set-cookie动作，返回的cookieJar数据类型）

import requests

# 1.确定url
url = 'https://gimg2.baidu.com/image_search/src=http%3A%2F%2Fsafe-img.xhscdn.com%2Fbw1%2F4a7c0f6e-4daa-4b2d-8a5a-f0dbfeade0b3%3FimageView2%2F2%2Fw%2F1080%2Fformat%2Fjpg&refer=http%3A%2F%2Fsafe-img.xhscdn.com&app=2002&size=f9999,10000&q=a80&n=0&g=0n&fmt=auto?sec=1707667150&t=8a184fea26aee48cfe10656d16805136'

# 2.发送请求，获取响应
res = requests.get(url)
print(res.url)
https://gimg2.baidu.com/image_search/src=http%3A%2F%2Fsafe-img.xhscdn.com%2Fbw1%2F4a7c0f6e-4daa-4b2d-8a5a-f0dbfeade0b3%3FimageView2%2F2%2Fw%2F1080%2Fformat%2Fjpg&refer=http%3A%2F%2Fsafe-img.xhscdn.com&app=2002&size=f9999,10000&q=a80&n=0&g=0n&fmt=auto?sec=1707667150&t=8a184fea26aee48cfe10656d16805136
print(res.status_code)
200
print(res.request.headers) # 打印响应对象的请求头
{'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.31.0', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive'}
print(res.headers) #打印响应头
{'Server': 'JSP3/2.0.14', 'Date': 'Fri, 12 Jan 2024 16:29:30 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'image/jpeg', 'Content-Length': '101031', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Expires': 'Mon, 29 Jan 2024 14:06:48 GMT', 'Last-Modified': 'Thu, 15 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT', 'ETag': '61c809e67dd681af193d60eedae718a3', 'Age': '1328', 'Accept-Ranges': 'bytes', 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': '*', 'Ohc-Global-Saved-Time': 'Sat, 30 Dec 2023 14:06:48 GMT', 'Ohc-Upstream-Trace': '36.99.3.77', 'Ohc-Cache-HIT': 'ly4ct77 [2], xaix233 [4]', 'Ohc-Response-Time': '1 0 0 0 0 0', 'Ohc-File-Size': '101031', 'X-Cache-Status': 'HIT', 'Timing-Allow-Origin': '*'}

（四）用户代理

现状：百度网站首页爬取的代码的长度比浏览器返回的数据少。

# 1.导入requests库
import requests

# 2.确定目标url
url = 'https://www.baidu.com/'

# 3.发送请求
response = requests.get(url)

# 4.打印响应内容
print(len(response.content.decode()))
2349

构建请求头后能够返回全部数据，获取和浏览器一样的内容：

# 1.导入requests库
import requests

# 2.确定目标url
url = 'https://www.baidu.com/'

# 3.获取请求头
headers = {
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/119.0.0.0 Safari/537.36'
}

# 4.发送请求
response = requests.get(url, headers = headers)

# 5.打印内容的长度
# print(response.content.decode())
print(len(response.content.decode()))
404606

总结：构造User-Agent可以让服务器认为是浏览器在发送请求，而不是爬虫程序在发送请求。

（五）构造User-Agent的请求池

使用单一的User-Agengt爬取网站，请求次数过多会被网站反爬机制检测，因此构造一个请求池。

# 方法一、手动构造User-Agent池

import random

UAlist = [
    # Opera
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/39.0.2171.95 Safari/537.36 OPR/26.0.1656.60",
    "Opera/8.0 (Windows NT 5.1; U; en)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1; U; en; rv:1.8.1) Gecko/20061208 Firefox/2.0.0 Opera 9.50",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; en) Opera 9.50",
    # Firefox
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:34.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/34.0",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux x86_64; zh-CN; rv:1.9.2.10) Gecko/20100922 Ubuntu/10.10 (maverick) Firefox/3.6.10",
    # Safari
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/534.57.2 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1.7 Safari/534.57.2",
    # chrome
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/39.0.2171.71 Safari/537.36",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/23.0.1271.64 Safari/537.11",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.1; en-US) AppleWebKit/534.16 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/10.0.648.133 Safari/534.16",
    # 360
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/30.0.1599.101 Safari/537.36",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/7.0; rv:11.0) like Gecko",
    # 淘宝浏览器
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.11 TaoBrowser/2.0 Safari/536.11",
    # 猎豹浏览器
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/21.0.1180.71 Safari/537.1 LBBROWSER",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; LBBROWSER)",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; LBBROWSER)",
    # QQ浏览器
    "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/5.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; QQBrowser/7.0.3698.400)",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E)",
    # sogou浏览器
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/535.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/17.0.963.84 Safari/535.11 SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; Trident/4.0; SV1; QQDownload 732; .NET4.0C; .NET4.0E; SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0)",
    # maxthon浏览器
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Maxthon/4.4.3.4000 Chrome/30.0.1599.101 Safari/537.36",
    # UC浏览器
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/38.0.2125.122 UBrowser/4.0.3214.0 Safari/537.36",

    # 各种移动端

    # IPhone
    "Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; U; CPU iPhone OS 4_3_3 like Mac OS X; en-us) AppleWebKit/533.17.9 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.0.2 Mobile/8J2 Safari/6533.18.5",
    # IPod
    "Mozilla/5.0 (iPod; U; CPU iPhone OS 4_3_3 like Mac OS X; en-us) AppleWebKit/533.17.9 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.0.2 Mobile/8J2 Safari/6533.18.5",
    # IPAD
    "Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; U; CPU OS 4_2_1 like Mac OS X; zh-cn) AppleWebKit/533.17.9 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.0.2 Mobile/8C148 Safari/6533.18.5",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; U; CPU OS 4_3_3 like Mac OS X; en-us) AppleWebKit/533.17.9 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.0.2 Mobile/8J2 Safari/6533.18.5",
    # Android
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 2.2.1; zh-cn; HTC_Wildfire_A3333 Build/FRG83D) AppleWebKit/533.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Mobile Safari/533.1",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 2.3.7; en-us; Nexus One Build/FRF91) AppleWebKit/533.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Mobile Safari/533.1",
    # QQ浏览器 Android版本
    "MQQBrowser/26 Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 2.3.7; zh-cn; MB200 Build/GRJ22; CyanogenMod-7) AppleWebKit/533.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Mobile Safari/533.1",
    # Android Opera Mobile
    "Opera/9.80 (Android 2.3.4; Linux; Opera Mobi/build-1107180945; U; en-GB) Presto/2.8.149 Version/11.10",
    # Android Pad Moto Xoom
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 3.0; en-us; Xoom Build/HRI39) AppleWebKit/534.13 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Safari/534.13",
    # BlackBerry
    "Mozilla/5.0 (BlackBerry; U; BlackBerry 9800; en) AppleWebKit/534.1+ (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/6.0.0.337 Mobile Safari/534.1+",
    # WebOS HP Touchpad
    "Mozilla/5.0 (hp-tablet; Linux; hpwOS/3.0.0; U; en-US) AppleWebKit/534.6 (KHTML, like Gecko) wOSBrowser/233.70 Safari/534.6 TouchPad/1.0",
    # Nokia N97
    "Mozilla/5.0 (SymbianOS/9.4; Series60/5.0 NokiaN97-1/20.0.019; Profile/MIDP-2.1 Configuration/CLDC-1.1) AppleWebKit/525 (KHTML, like Gecko) BrowserNG/7.1.18124",
    # Windows Phone Mango
    "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows Phone OS 7.5; Trident/5.0; IEMobile/9.0; HTC; Titan)",
    # UC浏览器
    "UCWEB7.0.2.37/28/999",
    "NOKIA5700/ UCWEB7.0.2.37/28/999",
    # UCOpenwave
    "Openwave/ UCWEB7.0.2.37/28/999",
    # UC Opera
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; ) Opera/UCWEB7.0.2.37/28/999"

    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/22.0.1207.1 Safari/537.1",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; CrOS i686 2268.111.0) AppleWebKit/536.11 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.57 Safari/536.11",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.6 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1092.0 Safari/536.6",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.6 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1090.0 Safari/536.6",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.77.34.5 Safari/537.1",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/536.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.9 Safari/536.5",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.0) AppleWebKit/536.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.36 Safari/536.5",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_8_0) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.0 Safari/536.3",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/535.24 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.24 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24"
]

print(random.choice(UAlist))
Openwave/ UCWEB7.0.2.37/28/999
# 第二种 使用fake_useragengt 可能会出现异常
from fake_useragent import UserAgent
print(UserAgent().random)
Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/109.0.0.0 Safari/537.36

（六）浏览器发起请求原理

  1. 构造请求
  2. 查找缓存
  3. 准备IP地址和端口
  4. 等待TCP队列
  5. 建立TCP连接
  6. 发送http请求

浏览器会向服务器发送请求行，包括请求方法，请求url，http协议

字符串当做url提交时，会自动进行url编码处理。可以使用quote和unquote进行编码和解码。

from urllib.parse import quote, unquote
# quote() 明文转密文，传入参数是字符串
# unquote() 密文转明文，传入的参数类型是%xx%xx
print(quote('参数'))
%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0
print(unquote('%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0'))
参数

（七）发送带参数的请求

通过网址爬取网址内容的代码是：

import requests

url = 'https://cn.bing.com/search?q=%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0'

headers = {
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/119.0.0.0 Safari/537.36'
}

res = requests.get(url, headers = headers)

print(res.content.decode())

通过params携带参数字典，可以手动输入关键词：

  1. 构建请求参数字典
  2. 发送请求时带上请求参数字典
# 方法一、构造请求参数字典

import requests

url = 'https://cn.bing.com/search?q'

# 构造请求参数字典
search = input('请输入检索关键词：')
kw = {'q':search}

headers = {
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/119.0.0.0 Safari/537.36'
}

res = requests.get(url, headers = headers, params = kw)

print(res.content.decode())
# 方法二、发送请求时带上请求参数字典

import requests

search = input('请输入检索关键词：')

url = f'https://cn.bing.com/search?q={search}'

headers = {
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/119.0.0.0 Safari/537.36'
}

res = requests.get(url, headers = headers)

print(res.content.decode())
0
Python爬虫
版权属于： Bruce
本文链接： https://wanglin.blog/index.php/archives/172/
作品采用： 《 署名-非商业性使用-相同方式共享 4.0 国际 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) 》许可协议授权
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